Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca and the Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (ISTP) of Italy's Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche together constitute the Milano neutron-diagnostics group, which builds the spectrometers that measure 📝fusion neutrons and gamma rays at 📝JET, 📝ITER and 📝SPARC.
The two institutions are one working group with two payrolls. ISTP was founded in April 2019 by merging three long-running CNR groups — the Institute of Plasma Physics "Piero Caldirola" in Milano, the Institute of Ionized Gases in Padova, and the P.Las.M.I. Lab within NANOTEC in Bari — and is headquartered in Milano under director Olga De Pascale. Marco Tardocchi, a research director at ISTP Milano, coordinates the nuclear-measurements group; Giuseppe Gorini, Massimo Nocente and Gabriele Croci hold appointments at both ISTP and Milano-Bicocca's Department of Physics "Giuseppe Occhialini," and publish carrying both affiliation strings on the same author record. Marica Rebai and Davide Rigamonti sit on the ISTP side.
The group's instruments are built on measurements it took elsewhere. At JET it fielded LaBr3 gamma-ray spectrometers and 14 MeV 📝neutron spectrometers based on artificial single-crystal diamond, and the 📝deuterium–📝tritium experience from those campaigns is the stated basis for the high-resolution neutron spectroscopic camera it designed for SPARC (Review of Scientific Instruments 93, 113512, 2022). It also designed SPARC's magnetic proton recoil spectrometer and co-authored the overview of the machine's 📝neutron diagnostics with CFS and MIT (RSI 95, 103507, 2024), and separately estimates the operational domain of a gamma-ray spectrometer for 📝D-T fusion power measurement at ITER (Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 2026). The JET numbers are results; the SPARC instruments are designs for a machine that has not yet produced a neutron.